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In 1941, for example, Hindus were 64% of the total urban population. The Cities and towns of Sindh were dominated by the Hindus. By the 1951 census, all of these cities had virtually been emptied of their Hindu population as a result of the partition.
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According to the 1941 Census of India, Hindus formed around 74% of the population of Hyderabad, 70% of Sukkur, 65% of Shikarpur and about half of Karachi. In the urban centres of Sindh, Hindus formed the majority of the population before the partition. Hindus in Sindh were concentrated in the urban areas before the Partition of India in 1947, during which most migrated to modern-day India according to Ahmad Hassan Dani. īefore 1947 however, other than a few Gujarati speaking Parsees ( Zorastrians) living in Karachi, virtually all the inhabitants were Sindhis, whether Muslim or Hindu at the time of Pakistan's independence, 75% of the population were Muslims and almost all the remaining 25% were Hindus. The ratio of Hindus was higher before the independence of Pakistan in 1947. Hyderabad is the largest centre of Sindhi Hindus in Pakistan, with 100,000–150,000 living there. Most of them live in urban areas such as Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur and Mirpur Khas. Īccording to the 1998 census of Pakistan, Hindus constituted about 8% of the total population of Sindh province. Derryl Maclean explains what he calls "the persistence of Hinduism" on the basis of "the radical dissimilarity between the socio-economic bases of Hinduism and Buddhism in Sind" : Buddhism in this region was mainly urban and mercantile while Hinduism was rural and non-mercantile, thus the Arabs, themselves urban and mercantile, attracted and converted the Buddhist classes, but for the rural and non-mercantile parts, only interested by the taxes, they promoted a more decentralized authority and appointed Brahmins for the task, who often just continued the roles they had in the previous Hindu rule.
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While Buddhism declined and ultimately disappeared after Arab conquest mainly due to conversion of almost entire Buddhist population to Islam, Hinduism managed to survive through the Muslim rule until before the partition of India as a significant minority. The Chinese Buddhist monk Xuanzang, who visited the region in the years 630–644, said that Buddhism dominated, but also noted that it was declining. Hinduism along with Buddhism was the predominant religion in Sindh before the Arab Islamic conquest. Main articles: Sindhi Hindus, Hinduism in Sindh Province, and Sindhis in India
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Habbari, Soomra, Samma, Kalhora dynasties ruled Sindh.Įthnicity and religion Part of a series on After 632 AD, it was part of the Islamic empires of the Abbasids and Umayyids. Before this period, it was heavily Hindu and Buddhist.
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Sindh was one of the earliest regions to be conquered by the Arabs and influenced by Islam after 720 AD. The Ror dynasty was a power from the Indian subcontinent that ruled modern-day Sindh and Northwest India from 450 BC – 489 AD. Alexander the Great marched through Punjab and Sindh, down the Indus river, after his conquest of the Persian Empire. and in the first five centuries of the first millennium A.D., western portions of Sindh, the regions on the western flank of the Indus river, were intermittently under Persian, Greek and Kushan rule, first during the Achaemenid dynasty (500–300 BC) during which it made up part of the easternmost satrapies, then, by Alexander the Great, followed by the Indo-Greeks and still later under the Indo-Sassanids, as well as Kushans, before the Islamic invasions between the 7th–10th century AD. This civilisation helped shape subsequent cultures in South Asia.įor several centuries in the first millennium B.C. The Indo-Aryans are believed to have founded the Vedic civilisation that existed between the Sarasvati River and Ganges river around 1500 BC. The Indus Valley Civilisation went into decline around the year 1700 BC for reasons that are not entirely known, though its downfall was probably precipitated by an earthquake or natural event that dried up the Ghaggar River. Vintage group photo of Indian Sindhi people Pre-historic period